Digital information measurement units

 

Decimal, Binary, Hex  (Due Wednesday)

See ASCII Table in decimal, binary, and hex in Appendix A of Schaum

computer - Electronic machine that operates under the control of stored instructions and can:

programming - telling the computer in minute detail (typically with a programming language) the sequence of steps required to perform a task.

software development - The entire process involved in creating software and ensuring its future availability. This includes the following:

Hardware vs. software

Hardware - The physical parts of a computer that you can see and touch

Software - The programs that control the hardware

data vs programs (programs are instructions run by the processor, data are values used by the programs, they are both just bytes)        

Algorithm (Defined by Google) - a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, esp. by a computer.

Primitive - A task that one can perform in an algorithm with no further explanation

Algorithm (ways To Represent)

Fundamental Theorem of Structured Programming

       sequence - one process after another

       choice - one way or two way choice

       repetition - pretest or post test loop

       

flow chart control structures - a grouping of flow chart logic with one way in and one way out

examples: a process, one way choice, two way choice, prest loop, post test loop

Finding remainders with % (the modules operator)

Flow Chart Symbols  

   terminator

   process

   choice/decision

Structured vs. Unstructured flowcharts

nesting

intro to overflow

count to 10

No Class, MLK day

Review "what is it #1 & #2 flowcharts"

Algorithm/Flowchart examples

Overflow introduction:

Algorithm Constructs: 1 way choice, 2 way choice, pretest loop, post-test loop

See Notes on Easel

increment, decrement

 

More Flow chart examples

Decimal To Binary Flowchart using Overflow

 

Booting a computer (bootstrapping)

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

Dream Spark - MS Software

data vs programs (programs are instructions run by the processor, data are values used by the programs, they are both just bytes)

programming languages & generations

Compile - translate to machine language

Compiler - program that compiles

syntax - how symbols are combined to form valid expressions

semantics - meaning of the symbols that form an expression

language - symbols with semantic meaning and syntax used to write instructions for the computer

Language Generations

Low

   1st - Machine   (.exe files in windows)

   2nd - Assembly

High

   3rd - High Level  (c++ is here)

   4th - Very High Level   

 Intro to C++ syntax

History of C++

IDE - Integrated Development Environment

   Compiler, code editor, Debugger, Help system

 

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

void main() {}

literal - a number such as 45 or a word such as "Bob" that is not a variable

// - begins a comment line in c++

# - lines that begin with this are instructions to the compiler (aka, compiler directive)

brief introduction to variables

writing to output stream... cout << 

reading from input stream... cin >>

>> - stream extraction operator

<< - stream insertion operator

cascading << 

Read chapters 1 from Schaum's (Due Monday)

declaring variables

data types

short - 2 bytes, no decimals

int - 4 bytes, no decimals

float - 4 bytes, with decimals

double - 8 bytes, with decimals

bool - 1 byte, true or false

_______________

Integer vs. Floating point Division

integer division - decimals are lost

% - modulas operator - used to find remainders of integer division

_______________

cin >>  - reads until white space

   example - 1 2 3 4 5 - entered into the input stream

cascading >> 

_______________

Read chapter 2 from Schaum's (Skip 2.3) Due Wednesday

 

Type conversions

Scope

Arithmetic operators

increment & decrement

Round-off error

conditional statements - if, if-else, if-else-if control structures

if  - one way choice

if else  - two way choice

use of {} with conditions

escape sequences  "\n, \r, \t, \a, \\, \b" _______________

logical and &&

logical or ||

use ! (aka not) to negate a boolean expression

 

Read Schaum's Chapter 3.1-3.8 (Due Monday)

 

if-else-if

when can nested if-else structures be turned into if-else-if structures

accidental use of a ";" at the end of an if statement

 

while

"I will not talk in class" example

#include <iomanip> 

++  increment operator

--  decrement operator

Read chapters 4 from Schaum

nested loops

do while

determinate(counted) vs indeterminate loops

data validation loops

 

Controlling the width of the next item to be displayed

 

Read chapters 4 from Schaum

 

4 parts to every loop

1. Initialize the test condition

2. Test the condition

3. Body of the loop.... Do something useful

4. Change the test condition

 

for loops

Lab day for makeup work

Assign console drawing project for extra credit

 

 More on nested loops and drawing ascii rectangles, checkerboards and checkerboards with frames.

 

 

Controlling decimal number output

cout.setf(ios::fixed) makes all floating-point numbers display their decimal points (no scientific notation)

cout.precision(places) rounds the decimal places to a given number. When the precision that is set causes some digits to not be shown, those that are displayed are rounded.

 

Falling Object in C#

Introduction to functions

examples of built in functions

 

void - verb names

non-void - noun names  - must return a value

function signature (aka. declaration/definition) vs function call

arguments and parameters

non-void functions can only return one value but can have multiple return statements

//function aka  method, routine, sub-routine, sub

Why use functions?

none

Read Chapter 5 sections 1-10

Boolean functions

c++ return statement

by value vs. by reference

By Value:

By Reference:

only variables can be passed to a function that receives arguments by reference (literals cannot be passed by ref)

Work examples from Schaum's book chapter 5

none

Work problems 5.21, 5.22, 5.24 and 5.25 from Schaum's book.  Use Boolean return values rather than integers for 5.21 and 5.22. (Due Wednesday)