STUDY GUIDE -- Final Exam

Final will have some cumulative items -- map, matching, quotes & listing.  Students are responsible for chapter 22-36 in their textbook as well.

I. See Map Page for Map identification -- See Listing Section for cumulative material.

II. There will be a matching section of authors, composers, painters, & inventors and their works. The following list are possible choices.

III. Listing & Quotes --

Quotes guide

Listing handout

IV. Use these Questions to help study for the exam. Multiple Choice & True/False will be drawn from the following questions.
Review Questions

1. What does Renaissance mean? What does it mean to be a Renaissance man? Give an example of a Renaissance man.
2. Who wrote The Prince?  What was the main point of this book?  To whom was it dedicated?
3. Name three thinkers of the Reformation. Who was responsible for the 95 Theses?
4. Name the primary religious affiliations for these countries/ areas:  England, Spain, France, Scotland, the Netherlands, Northern Germany
5. Name two kings we have studied who were executed. Why was each executed? How were the reactions different?
6. Where did the Spanish Armada try to invade & why? What were the results?
7. What war did the Peace of Westphalia end? What did it say?
8. Who was the great example of absolutism? What was his palace called? What was his nickname?
9. Name the six primary characteristics of the Enlightenment.
10. What was the Second Hundred Years War? Who was it between?
11. What country disappeared from the European map in 1700s? Which of its neighbors took its territory?
12. What was an enlightened despot? Name three monarchs who considered themselves to be "enlightened" & their country. What was the major problem of enlightened despotism?
13. Name the major characteristics of a Revolution. How does each apply to France?
14. What are the basic stages of a political revolution?
15. Who was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand? What was his role in French politics?
16. Name two major battles that Napoleon won. What were Napoleon's achievements in terms of French Society? What was Napoleon's great Mistake? Who was his great foe? What battle was involved?
17. Name the powers and their representatives at the Congress of Vienna. What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?
18. What are the best years to use to date the 19^th century? Why? What are the other options?
19. Why did the industrial revolution begin in Great Britain?
20. What were the Social Causes of the Industrial Revolution?
21. Who was Josiah Wedgewood? What was Queensware? Why was it successful?
22. What natural resources did Britain have?
23. What is meant by "absolute private property"?
24. Who were the Luddites? (Handout)
25. What class became dominant because of the Industrial Revolution?
26. What were the values of the Victorian middle class?
27. Name seven inventors and their inventions in order from the Industrial Revolution. (Handout)
28. What problems did the working class face? What effect did this have?
29. What were the greatest sins according to the 19th Century Middle Class?
30. Who/ what was the Angel of the House? How did this change things?
31. What was the basis of the first Industrial Revolution? Of the Second? When was the Second Industrial Revolution?

Chapter 17: Romanticism

1. Define Romanticism
2. Name three Romantic poets and their work.
3. What was the greatest Romantic novel? Why?
4. Name two great “Romantic” composers of the 19^th century.
5. What two main ideas/ events were the Romantics rebelling against?
6. Describe the difference between Enlightenment painting & romantic painting.
7. Describe the difference between Enlightenment & Romantic music.
8. Describe four differences in the Enlightenment & Romantic view of man & nature.

Chapters 19, 21

1. Who was the Father of Conservatism?
2. What three types of conservatives were there in the 19th century?
3. Who was the primary spokesman for the Conservatives in the 19th century? (Austrian)
4. Define "entailed inheritance". How is liberty an "entailed inheritance"? Who used this term?
5. Who was the great think for Liberalism in the 19^th century? What did Liberals believe (hint: laissez faire)?
6. What created a working class consciousness? What did Karl Marx call the working class? (Name)
7. Who was Karl Marx? What was his great work? Give the basics of Marx’s theory. What was the most important aspect of history for Marx?
8. What were the main tenets of Socialism?
9. What was the “most dangerous ism” of the 19^th century? Why?
10. What are the origins of nationalism?
11. What did Johann von Herder's argue about nationalism? Define volksgeist.
12. Why was nationalism particularly important for Germany & Italy?
13. What did the Brothers Grimm do? Examples of their work? How was this part of nationalism?
14. Who Giuseppi Mazzinni? What was Young Italy?
15. Why was Metternich afraid of Nationalism?
16. What were the Karlsbad Decrees of 1819? What was their purpose?
17. What was the Troppau Protocol? What did it do? Who was involved?
18. What prompted the Monroe Doctrine? What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine? Who enforced it (at first) & why?

Chapter 22

1. Where were the revolutions of 1830? What were the results?
2. Which revolutions of 1820-1830 were successful?
3. Which groups revolted in 1848? What were the goals of each? Where did these revolutions take place?
4. What were the Bloody June Days? Which republic was formed in France?
5. Who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte?
6. What was the robot? How, where and when was it abolished?
7. Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail?
8. What were the first attempts at forming nation-states based upon? What were the problems?
9. Describe the rulers of Europe's first responses to nationalism. What shift occurred in 1850s? Give three examples.

Chapter 23

1. Define Realpolitik. What did Bismark say was required to create a unified Germany?
2. What was risorgiomento?
3. What was Bismark's nightmare? How did he try to avoid it? (give at least three principles)
4. What kingdom dominated the unification of Italy?
5. What three plans existed for the unification of Italy? (See on-line lecture)
6. Who opposed the unification of Italy?  What did this result in (state)?
7. Who was Camillo Cavour?
8. Name three wars that were part of Italian Unification.
9. What was Giuseppe Garibaldi's role in Italy's unification? (See on-line lecture)
10. Who was the architect of a unified Germany? What was his plan?
11. Who were the Junkers?
12. What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair about?  What was the result?
13. What was the purpose of the North German Confederation? When & how did it come about?
14. Explain the incident over the Ems Dispatch.  What did this lead to?
15. What happened as a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71? (Give at least 3 things.)
16. Which territory did Germany annex from France?

Chapter 24

1.  Which country had the Reform Bill of 1867?  Which party & leader introduced this legislation?  What were the results?
2. What was "Home Rule"?   Who introduced a bill on this?  Who opposed it?  What were the results?
3. What was "Tory Democracy"?
4. What was the Fabian Society and who were some of its members?
5. What reforms did the Liberal Party pass in Britain?
6. What two investment banks did the French government establish?
7. Who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte?   What title did he eventually have?  How did he get it?
8. What mistake did Napoleon III make with Mexico?
9. What brought the Second Empire to an end?
10. What was the Dreyfus Affair over?  Describe how it initially ended?  When was Dreyfus finally released?
11. What was Emile Zola's role in the Dreyfus Affair?

Chapter 25-27

1. What was the German legislature called?
2. What was Bismark's nickname?
3. Why did Bismark create the Kulturkampf?  What was its purpose?  Results?
4. What was the Compromise of 1867?  What were its results?
5. Describe the results of Revolution of 1905 in Russia.
6. What was the primary idea of Auguste Comte?
7. Describe the religious reactions to the scientific perspectives of the 19th century. (Jewish, Catholic & Protestant)
8. Who were the proponents of Social Darwinism?  What were their works and ideas?
9. What was Einstein's theory?  What implications did it have for the perspective on the universe?
10. What was the Berlin Conference of 1884 about? What were the three rules that it set?
11. Who was Cecil Rhodes?  What did he discover in Africa?
12. List two imperial clashes over Sudan and their results.
13. Who was Charles Gordon?
14. What problems occurred over the Belgian Congo?
15. What changes did the Sepoy Rebellion create?
16. What areas of Africa were left independent by 1914?
17. What was the general attitude toward war before 1914?

Chapter 28

1. What was Bismark’s Nightmare? Describe the steps he took to prevent it.
2. What were Bismark's three principles of foreign policy?
3. What mistake did Wilhelm II make early on?   Which Hebrew monarch did this resemble?  Why?
4. How did Germany begin to knock down Bismark’s House of Cards?
5. Who was Alfred Thayer Mahan? What was his book and why was it important?
6. Give the alliances in Europe by 1907.
7.  Where was the "Powder Keg of Europe"? Why was it called this?
8. Who were the major players in Europe just prior to the war? What were their driving forces? Who were the leaders of each?
9. What were the major alliance systems prior to World War I? Which allies were unreliable?
10. What was the problem with Kaiser's diplomacy?
11. What was Pan-Slavism?
12. Who were the Black Hand?
13. What was significant about June 28, 1914? What city was involved?
14. Who was Gavrillo Princip?
15. What was the Blank Check?
16. Who was Sir Edward Grey? What was his famous comment on the war?
17. What event brought Britain into the war? Why?
18. Name the two sides in World War I -- and which countries were on each.

     

Chapter 29

1. List three ways the First World War is described or defined.
2. List the Dominos that led to World War I.
3. Describe the idea of war in 1914. Did people believe war was imminent in summer 1914?
4. What was the Schlieffen Plan? What went wrong with it?
5. Name five new weapons of the First World War.
6. What does total war mean?
7.  Describe trench warfare. How did this result in stalemate?
8. Describe the Battle of the Somme, 1916.
9. What was special about Christmas 1914?
10. Give four ways the Allied Powers attempted to break the stalemate of the Western Front.
11. How was air power used in the First World War?
12. Who was Ivan Bloch and what was his idea?
13. Whose idea was Gallipoli?
14. How did the Russians violate their traditional military plans in World War I?
15. What was the battle plan for the Russians in World War I? Who are the two greatest Russian generals?
16. What was the outcome of all of the naval build-up before the war?
17. What was Unrestricted Submarine Warfare? Why was it important?
18. What three elements brought the U.S. into the War?
19. What was the Zimmerman Note? How did it affect U.S. entry into the War?
20. Who was Blackjack Pershing? What was the nickname of American soldiers in World War I?
21. Describe the effects of the war on the mind-set of people after the war.
22. When did the powers sign an armistice? Who asked for it and why?
23. Name the Big Four and what each wanted at the Paris Peace Conference.
24. What was THE ONE basic problem of the peacemakers in Paris in 1919?
25. Explain the "Stabbed in the Back theory".
26. Define the Fourteen Points. List them.
27. Name the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Which ones really upset the Germans?
28. What were the major problems of the Treaty?
29. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
30. How did the map of Europe change after the war?
31. Define "self-determination". Why is this concept problematic in Eastern & Central Europe?
32. Give the major effects of the Great War on European Society.

Chapter 30

1. What problems occurred on the Russian front?
2. Who was Gregor Rasputin?  How did he die?
3. Who was the last Tsar of Russia? What problems did his family have?
4. What was the result of the first part of the Russian revolution?
5. What happened to the Romanovs?
6. Why was the First World War the Tsar's undoing?
7. What is a soviet?
8. How did Lenin get back into Russia in 1917?
9. When was the first Communist State proclaimed? What were its problems?
10. Who was Lenin's successor?  Who was "supposed" to be Lenin's successor?
11. What were the Purges in the USSR? What were the Five Year Plans?

     

The Interwar Era: Chapters 31-33

1. Who were the "Lost Generation"?
2. What new forms of music appeared in the 1920s & 30s?
3. Name two evidences of the growth of mass popular culture.
4. Who led the first Labour government in Britain?
5. What was the Great Depression called in Britain?
6. Define the dole.
7. What was the Left Cartel in France?
8. What new trends developed in Interwar politics?
9. Define Fascism. What is the appeal of this system?
10. Name three fascist leaders in Europe.
11. What was the Great Slump? Where was the inflation the worst? Which country was least equipped to deal with the Crisis?
12. How did the countries of Europe and the United States deal with the Recession of the 1930s? (list each one)
13. Who was John Maynard Keynes?
14. What was the March on Rome? Who came to power through it?
15. How did Mussolini maintain power?
16. What problems were there in the Weimar Republic?
17. When and how did Hitler come to power in Germany? Name his book and the meaning of its title.
18. Name the four primary aspects of Hitler's Third Reich.
19. What was the myth of the Aryan Race?
20. What was the name used for Hitler? for Mussolini?
21. What is lebensraum?
22. What was the luftwaffe?
23. Who was Paul von Hindenburg?
24. How did Hitler use Propaganda?
25. What was the Maginot Line? What was its purpose?
26. What divisions of military force existed in Nazi Germany?
27. What was the Night of the Long Knives? What was Kristalnacht?
28. Describe the Nuremberg Laws.
29. What were the provisions of the Enabling Act?

Chapter 34

1. Who made up the Little Entente? What was its purpose?
2. Describe the creation of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo-Axis.
3. Name each step Hitler took in violating the Treaty of Versailles.
4. What was the Anschluss?  When did it occur?
5. Where is the Sudetenland?   What issue surrounded it?
6. Who was Neville Chamberlain?
7. What was appeasement?
8. What were the results of the Munich Conference of 1938?
9. What was Winston Churchill's initial perspective on Hitler? How did others react to Churchill's ideas at first?
10. What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
11. Who was the Non-Aggression pact between? Why was it a surprise?
12. What happened on Sept. 1, 1939?

Chapter 35

1. Describe Bliztkrieg. Was this a new idea?
2. What was the name of the French Government after its Surrender to Germany?
3. What were the major theaters of the war?
4. What allowed Britain to survive against Hitler?
5. Describe the Miracle at Dunkirk.
6. What was Winston Churchill's role in World War II?
7. Who was the Great Hero of the Free French Army?
8. How was the Battle of Britain different than other battles?
9. What advantages did Britain have in the Battle of Britain?
10. What was the Lend-Lease Act?
11. Who were the Axis Powers? The Allied Powers?
12. What was the Final Solution?
13. Who were the victims of the Holocaust?
14. Name three extermination camps of the Holocaust.
15. Who was Heinrich Himmler?  What was he responsible for?
16. Who were the SS?  What did they do?
17. What was Operation Sea Lion?  Was it successful?
18. What was Operation Barbarossa? Why did it fail?
19. Who was the primary German General in North Africa?
20. When did the Japanese begin expanding their empire?  Where did they attack first?
21. Who were the Big Three? Where was each from?
22. What brought the United States into the War?
23. What were two turning point battles in 1942? (Europe & Pacific)
24. What was the American strategy called in the Pacific?
25. What was the last major push of the Nazis in 1944?
26. What was Operation Overlord? Where did it land and when? Who was in charge?
27. What is controversial about the meeting at Yalta? What was its purpose?
28. How did the Potsdam conference differ from Yalta?
29. Where were the bombs dropped on Japan?
30. What was the Manhattan Project?
31. What changes occurred in domestic life because of World War II? In world politics?

Chapter 36-37

1. What was the Bretton Woods Conference about?
2. Define Zionism.
3. What the Treaty of Rome establish in 1957?
4. Who gave the defining term "Iron Curtain" to the Cold War? What does it mean?
5. What was the Berlin Airlift?
6. What is the longest standing military alliance?
7. When did the Soviet Union fall?
8. Name three conflicts of the Cold War.